Enzyme Essays & Research Papers

Investigating the effect of pH on amylase activity Aim The aim of the experiment is to determine the effects of different pH and the rate of reaction on fungal amylase and starch. Introduction The enzyme amylase is found in the human body, it catalyses the hydrolosis of internal glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides, the breakdown of starch into sugars. Amylase is present in human saliva, where it initiates the chemical process of digestion. Enzymes work best at an optimum pH of 7...

The Effects of Temperature on the Action of Diastase on a Starch Suspension Hypothesis: The practical being carried out is to observe the effects of temperature on starch break down using a synthesized version of salivary amylase, this being Diastase. The starch will be placed into the Diastase and water and then placed in baths of water of different l. temperatures. The test tube containing water will have little or no reaction at all. However, the test tube containing the...

Enzyme Lab Name ___________________________ Assignment 1: Getting to Know Enzyme Lab: Setting Up an Experiment The first screen that appears in Enzyme Lab shows you a biochemistry lab containing all the reagents and equipment you will need to perform your experiments. Click on each item in the lab to learn more about its purpose. Once you are familiar with the lab, click on the Experiment button to begin the first assignment. This assignment is designed to help you...

Enzymes Enzymes are special proteins that are found in the cells of living organisms. Enzymes are made up of long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. Enzymes play an important role in performing or controlling a host of chemical reactions that take place in the body. There are various types of enzymes and usually a specific enzyme is responsible for a particular chemical reaction only. While most of them are associated with metabolic processes like digestion and breathing,...

LABORATORY REPORT Activity: Enzyme Activity Name: Angela Collins Instructor: Catherine Rice Date: 07.09.2014 Predictions Sucrase will have the greatest activity at pH 5 Sucrase will have the greatest activity at 70 °C (158 °F) Sucrase activity increases with increasing sucrose concentration Materials and Methods Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity Dependent Variable amount of product (glucose and fructose) produced Independent Variable pH Controlled Variables temperature,...

May 1, 2013 Enzymes as Drug Targets Enzymes are defined as any of numerous proteins produced in living cells that accelerate or catalyze the metabolic processes of an organism. Enzymes are usually very selective in the molecules that they act upon, called substrates, often reacting with only a single substrate. The substrate binds to the enzyme at a location called the active site just before the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme takes place. Enzymes can speed up chemical reactions by up...

Enzymes (pron.: /ˈɛnzaɪmz/) are large biological molecules responsible for the thousands of chemical interconversions that sustain life.[1][2] They are highly selective catalysts, greatly accelerating both the rate and specificity of metabolic reactions, from the digestion of food to the synthesis of DNA. Most enzymes are proteins, although some catalytic RNA molecules have been identified. Enzymes adopt a specific three-dimensional structure, and may employ organic (e.g. biotin) and inorganic...

BIOTECHNOLOGY ASSIGNMENT | Topic: Enzymes and their Industrial importance Table of contents Definition of enzyme……….……………………..3 Composition of enzymes…………………………..3 Characteristics of enzymes………………………..3 Functions……..……………………………………..3 Discovery………..…………………………………...5 Explanation…………………………………………..6 Types of enzymes...............................................…...6 Working………………………………………………6 Sources of enzymes………………………………….7 Industrially...

Enzymatic Reactions Enzymes are proteins found in living things that speed up chemical reactions. They aid in nearly all metabolic processes, such as food digestion, molecule synthesis, and the storage/ release of energy. An enzyme speeds up the rate of the chemical reactions by lowering the reaction’s activation energy, which means that by definition, an enzyme functions as biological catalyst. The activation energy is the energy that is used to get a reaction started. The function of...

Enzyme as protein Dr.Samina Haq Quantitative and qualitative test for protein and amino acids • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Qualitative test Ninhydrin test Biuret test Xanthoproteic test Millons test Hopkins-cole test Nitroprusside test Quantitative test 1. 2. 3. Spectrophotometric assay Protein shows maximum absorbance at 280nm due to presence of tyrosine and tryptophane. Biuret test shows 540nm Lowry test shows 750nm Ninhydrin Test • Amino acid containing a...

CHAPTER 4: ENZYMES Enzymes are biological catalysts. There are about 40,000 different enzymes in human cells, each controlling a different chemical reaction. They increase the rate of reactions by a factor of between 106 to 1012 times, allowing the chemical reactions that make life possible to take place at normal temperatures. They were discovered in fermenting yeast in 1900 by Buchner, and the name enzyme means "in yeast". As well as catalysing all the metabolic reactions of cells (such as...

An international journal published by the Nigerian Society for Experimental Biology Printed in Nigeria Cofactor interactions in the activation of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase: Synergistic effects of Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions Femi J. OLORUNNIJI*, Adedoyin IGUNNU, Joseph O. ADEBAYO, Rotimi O. ARISE and Sylvia O. MALOMO Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515 Ilorin, Nigeria Received 19 March 2007 MS/No BKM/2007/028, © 2007 Nigerian Society for...

There are approximately 40,000 enzymes living in one human cell, each responsible for a chemical reaction. Enzymes are complex 3D protein molecules created by amino acids, forming a unique sequence that produces hydrogen bonds, eventually formulating an enzyme within plants and animals (Boyle & Senior, 2002). Working alongside other molecules, they uphold a stable reaction system. The function of an enzyme is to aid and increase chemical reactions and organise metabolism, while maintaining...

Aim To investigate the effect of different temperatures on the activity of rennin in milk Introduction Enzymes are globular protein, responsible for most of the chemical activities of living organisms. They are made up of long chains of amino acids containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (Gunsch, 2012). The role of enzyme is to act as catalysts, substances that speed up chemical reactions without being chemically altered during the process. The speeding up of chemical reactions is...

Examination of the Effects of Inhibitory and Non-Inhibitory Competition, Enzyme-Substrate Concentration, Along with Varying Temperature and pH-Balanced Environments on the Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction of pNPP Abstract: Introduction: Many of the chemical reactions, which take place in in living things are controlled by enzymes. In such cases, the enzyme is a protein in the cell which lowers the activation energy of a catalyzed reaction, which serves to increase the rate of the reaction....

Enzyme Catalysis Lab Problem: Before the lab, one should understand: • The general functions and activities of enzymes; • The relationship between the structure and function of enzymes • The concept of initial reaction rates of enzymes; • How the concept of free energy relates to enzyme activity; • That change in temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration can affect the initial reaction rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions; and • Catalyst, catalysis, and...

Mateo Velástegui 2do Bachillerato A 26/05/2014 Biology “Enzyme Activities” Introduction: Enzymes have extremely interesting properties that make them little chemical-reaction machines. The purpose of an enzyme in a cell is to allow the cell to carry out chemical reactions very quickly. These reactions allow the cell to build things or take things apart as needed. This is how a cell grows and reproduces. At the most basic level, a cell is really a little bag full of...

What is Enzyme? Enzymes are protein that acts as speed up reactions and break down molecules in our body. However, different enzymes only work on certain types of molecules. Enzymes can accelerate the reactions by more than one million times.(3) In our human body, there are a total about forty thousand types of enzymes and each catalyzes different kind of molecule.(3) The molecules that enzymes help to accelerate is called substrates, and when enzyme is combined together with the substrate, it...

The structure of the enzyme is mainly dependent on the active site and variable groups. Extreme temperatures or extreme pHs can alter the structure of an enzyme. Enzymes function to lower the activation energy to break the bonds. They achieve this by putting stress and pressure on the bonds or creating a microenvironment for the substrate. Enzymes are regulated by inhibitors or activators and can be inhibited by the products of the reaction, called feedback inhibition. Enzymes are...

Enzymes and Their Functions Jeisa Pelet, Cornell University Carolyn Wilczynski, Binghamton High School Cornell Learning Initiative in Medicine and Bioengineering (CLIMB) Table of Content Title Page Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….. 2 General objectives……………………………………………………………………….……. 2 Appropriate level…………………………………………………………………………….... 2 Students pre-requisites………………………………………………………………………... 2 Time required………………………………………………………………………….……… 2 Time-line for inquiry-based lesson...

Large scale Enzyme applications 1. Detergents Bacterial proteinases are still the most important detergent enzymes. Lipases decompose fats into more water-soluble compounds. Amylases are used in detergents to remove starch based stains. 2. Starch hydrolysis and fructose production The use of starch degrading enzymes was the first large scale application of microbial enzymes in food industry. Mainly two enzymes carry out conversion of starch to glucose: alpha-amylase and fungal...

Introduction How does changing the surroundings of enzymes affect their reaction rate? The purpose of the experiment is to determine how different abiotic conditions affect the rate at which enzymes accelerate/cause reactions In this lab students measured the height of the foam after catalysis between catalase (enzyme) and 7 other (solutions) to determine which solution had the fastest reaction rate.. The control variable of the experiment would be the solution of only hydrogen peroxide,...

 Enzymes control the rate of metabolic reactions, they act as biological catalysts, which means they are used but not used up and they also control the speed of the reaction. Enzymes are proteins which means that anything that disrupts this structure such as high temperature or change in pH will affect the enzyme activity. There are many factors affecting enzyme action for example temperature effects them, if the Increasing the heat gives molecules more kinetic energy so they vibrate this...

Enzyme Lab: Peter Kuetzing – 10/4/2012 – F Block 1. How does changing the concentration of enzyme affect the rate of decomposition of H2O2? When more enzymes is added the rate of reaction speeds up. In this case, H2O2 will produce more O2, in return the kpa/min will go up. 2. What do you think will happen to the rate of reaction if the concentration of enzyme is increased to five drops? Predict what the rate would be for 5 drops. I think that the rate of reaction will slightly increase...

The bonding of an enzyme to its substrate forms an enzyme-substrate complex. The catalytic action of the enzyme converts its substrate into the product or products of the reaction. Each reaction is extremely specific, distinguishing between closely related compounds, including isomers. For example, the enzyme sucrase will only act on sucrose and will not bind to any other disaccharide. The molecular recognition of enzymes is due to the fact that they are proteins, which are defined as being...

Enzymes are organic catalysts, usually proteins that speed up metabolic reactions. They lower the amount of energy needed for reactions to progress in cells. In enzymatic activity, the molecules at the beginning are called substrates. Lactose metabolism is when lactose is destroyed, maintained or produced. For instance, being lactose intolerance that’s where lactose is destroyed. Metal cofactors in enzyme activity are required to function properly. The Effect of Temperature on Enzymatic...

In this lab we used a solution of lactase to test the chemical and physiological properties of this particular enzyme and determined whether the lactase came from human cells or bacterial cells. In the statistical analysis statistical formulas and techniques are used to analyze the significance of a set of data and the validity of the conclusions made based on that data. These are some terms and definitions that will be crucial to understanding the validity of this experiment. An enzyme is...

BABS1201 Group Enzymes Project Group Protocol Including Equipment and Reagents List Lab Day: Wednesday Lab Time: 10am – 1pm Are you in Lab G20 (furthest from BSB Student Office) or Lab G21 (closest to BSB Student Office)?: Demonstrator Name: Daniel Winters Names of Group Members: Johnny Nguyen, Therese Pham, Linda Tang Name of Enzyme You are Investigating: Amylase Brief Background: Amylase is a digestive enzyme, produced mainly by the salivary glands and the pancreas, to break...

Abstract: The objective of the Enzyme activity practical was to test the effects of temperature on an enzymes catalyzed reaction. Hydrogen peroxide was used to cause reaction when involved with different temperature levels. Throughout the experiment the data suggested that finding the optimum value involves testing the enzyme in different temperatures. The ideal temperature was 35 ̊C. Introduction: The purpose of this practical was to observe and understand the effects of changes in...

Enzyme Inhibition Many drugs exert their action by inhibition of an enzyme activity in the body. If the activity of an enzyme is vital to the cell or organism, then inhibition may lead to death of the cell or organism. It is now possible to design new drugs which are enzyme inhibitors once a target enzyme has been identified. Types of Inhibitors A) Reversible Inhibitors: The effect of the inhibitor is instantaneous, and it can be removed from the enzyme by dialysis so that the enzyme...

Ch. 4a Metabolism & Enzymes [代謝作用 和 ] Metabolism [代謝作用]: all the chemical reactions taken place inside the living organisms. [在生物體內的全部化學反應] Metabolic processes: eg. photosynthesis, respiration, etc. [代謝過程: 例如 光合作用, 呼吸作用] Types [種類] - catabolism [分解代謝] - breaking down of complex organic molecules into simple molecules. (eg. respiration ) [分解複雜有機分子成為簡單分子 (例如: 呼吸作用)] - anabolism [組成代謝] - building up of complex organic molecules from simple molecules....

Enzyme Lab Daniyal Abdali (Rachel Lee) (Sarina Dolch) SBI 3UI Mr. Vrabec October 20, 2009 Test #1 * Add a small piece of cracker in test tube #1 and add Lugol’s solution. Observation #1 * The cracker turned a black colour when the Lugol’s solution was added to it. This was a positive result, meaning that the cracker contains starch. Test #2 * Add a bigger piece of cracker in test tube #2, add 5 mL of Benedict’s solution, place in a boiling water bath, and record...

Effects of Temperature on Enzyme Biology Introduction In order to understand the activity of enzymes at different temperatures the ability of the enzyme to function can be measured. This is important in many applications such as Polymerase Chain Reaction for forensics as well as genetics research where manipulation of temperature-dependent enzymes allows for replication of DNA segments. Bennett states, “when the energy -...

Enzyme kinetics (catalase/kmno4) Enzyme catalysis Farah Mohamed galal 22-3014 t09 Introduction: E + S → ES → E + P Enzymes are proteins which act as a catalyst in biochemical reactions(affect the rate of achemical reaction). The substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme. Any deformation of the active site will affect the activity of the enzyme, these are some ways that enzyme action may be affected because of them: 1- Salt concentration: If it is close to zero or very...

Enzymes and ATP Enzymes act as protein catalysts in biochemical processes Enzymes bind to a substrate and forms the enzyme substrate complex. Enzymes work by lowering the energy of activation. Activation energy must be supplied for the reaction to begin, once supplied, the reaction can proceed on its own. Enzymes can speed up events. They are not used by during the reaction because the enzyme stays the same, it does not change during the reaction. (Hudon-Miller, Enzymes, 2013) Enzymes act...

Zaquia Austin Enzymes and Temperature Laboratory #6 3/13/2013 Purpose (Objectives): The purpose of this experiment was for students to be able to understand the enzyme-facilitated reaction and explain how enzyme activity can be affected by environment conditions. Abstract: This experiment mainly delt with enzymes and the reaction that enzymes have with different solutions in various temperatures. Three different exercises were done. The first...

Abstract Enzyme catalysis was observed in order to analyze how changes in temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration affected an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. This experiment analyzed the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and observed the correlation between catalase activity and products formed. It was found out that the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction starts off rapidly, decreases, and levels off or completely stops, and can be further affected by environmental...

Purpose: The purpose of the lab is to observe the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by the liver enzyme catalase. Determine the factors, such as increased concentration, varying temperature, and changes in state, influence how quickly the reaction takes place, and how well the enzymes function. Hypothesis: For Varying Enzyme concentration, for groups A,B,C, and D, if there is an increase in enzyme concentration as a result of the increasing varied number of discs, then there will be an increased...

Enzymes are naturally occurring biological catalysts that are extremely efficient and specific. Enzymes accelerate the rate of a reaction by factors of at least a million as compared to the same reaction without the enzyme. Most biological reaction rates are not perceivable in the absence of the enzyme. The term enzyme was first used by a German pshysiologist Wilhelm Kühne in 1897. There are over 700 different kinds of enzymes that have been identified. Enzymes can be classified into several...

Computer Enzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity 6A H2O2 is toxic to most living organisms. Many organisms are capable of enzymatically destroying the H2O2 before it can do much damage. H2O2 can be converted to oxygen and water, as follows: 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2 Although this reaction occurs spontaneously, enzymes increase the rate considerably. At least two different enzymes are known to catalyze this reaction: catalase, found in animals and protists, and peroxidase, found in plants. A...

Mrs.Tividar Honors Biology, Period 6 November 4, 2012 Conclusion Which Enzymes are best for maximizing apple juice production yet are still cost effective? I predicted that a combination of pectinase and cellulose will both maximize juice production and be cost friendly. I used enzymes or enzyme combinations to produce apple juice from apple sauce. The amount of apple juice I got from each enzyme or enzyme combination was the first step to finding which enzymes are best for maximizing...

Effects of Concentration Purpose: the purpose of this part of the lab is to see the effects of enzyme concentration on the reaction rate. Part 2: Effect of Substrate Concentration Purpose: The purpose of this part of the lab was to find the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity. Part 3: Effect of Temprature...

Experiment 4: Enzyme Kinetics. Results/Discussion Week 1 Part A: Table 1. Enzyme activity for each assay of 4-nitroaniline formation. Rate of 4-nitroaniline formation Name of trial Abs/sec Abs/min M/min mol/min µmol/min #1 0.00003 0.0018 2.05x10-7 2.15 x10-10 2.15 x10-4 # 2 0.00010 0.0060 6.81x10-7 7.15x10-10 7.15x10-4 # 3 0.00020 0.0120 1.36x10-6 1.43x10-9 1.43x10-3 # 4 0.00030 0.0180 2.00x10-6 2.10x10-9 2.10x10-3...

Experiments to investigate the effect of enzyme concentration of the activity of the enzyme catalyse. This is an experiment to examine how the concentration of the substrate hydrogen peroxide affects the rate of reaction of the enzyme catalyses. Enzymes are biological catalysts - catalysts are substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being used up. Enzymes are also proteins that are folded into complex shapes that allow smaller molecules to fit into them. They are used...

Yasmine Baydoun Mr. Christopher Lindenburg Pre-DP Biology 21 November 2014 Enzymes In Baking Enzymes are biological molecules that speed up the rate of chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process (substrates), are changed into different molecules (products). Almost all chemical reactions need enzymes in order to occur at rates that happen quickly enough to survive. Enzymes are often used in baking. The wheat flour used to make bread contains...

LABORATORY REPORT (Click on the Save a Copy button on the panel above to save your report) Activity: Name: Instructor: Date: Enzyme Activity Pam Campbell Id 0002337 Dr. Murphy Nmezi August 9, 2011 Predictions 1. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at pH 6 2. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at 40 °C (104 °F) 3. Sucrase activity increases with increasing sucrose concentration until a plateau is reached. Materials and Methods Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity. 1. Dependent...

Introduction Enzymes are proteins produced by living organisms to speed up the rate in which chemical reactions occur. This process can happen fast, slowly, or stop the chemical reaction all together depending on the temperature, pH and concentration. Catalase is one of the most common enzymes. It is found in living organisms and is used to break down hydrogen peroxide. This must happen because hydrogen peroxide is considered toxic to cells in the body. However, when catalase is used it...

BIOCHEMISTRY 304 Enzyme Kinetic Sample Problems #1 September 2004 1 Given the reaction k1 kp E + S  ES  E + P k-1 where k1 = 1 x 107 M-1 sec-1 k-1 = 1 x 102 sec-1, and kp = 3 x 102 sec-1 a) Calculate Ks b) Calculate Km (a) k-1 1 x 102 sec-1 Ks = k1 = 1 x 107 M-1 sec-1 = 1 x 10-5 M (b) k-1 + kp (1 x 102 sec-1) + (3 x 102...

Digestion and Enzymes – APP. Hypothesis: The enzyme, Amylase which is used to break down carbohydrates will work the best when heated at 40°C. Also, as the temperature increases the reaction rate of amylase increases too. However, the reaction rate of amylase will start decreasing when the temperature reaches the enzyme’s optimal temperature. Many enzymes are specific for a certain substrate. For example, lipase is a specific enzyme for fat substrates and protease, a specific enzyme...

The Effects on Enzymes By Bailey Rose The Effects on Enzymes Bailey Rose 10/31/2011 Abstract In this lab exercise, the study of enzyme catalase, we viewed the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. The purpose was to isolate catalase from starch and measure the rate of activity under different conditions. Changes in temperature and pH along with Substrate Concentration and Enzyme Concentration were the conditions tested in the experiment. Our class...

 Enzyme Catalase What Factors Affect Enzyme Activity Michelina Bartolotto Lab Biology 111B February 2, 2014 /media/common.studymode/studymode-upload/stm/files/e1b9a3d6adf94ca848b12159c31f11b0.docx INTRODUCTION Enzymes are proteins that function as biological catalysts (Perry, Morton 2007). They maintain the body’s stable internal balance, and...

The Effects of pH, Temperature, Enzyme, and Substrate Concentrations on Benzoquinone Production BIOL 2051 June 10th 2013 Introduction Enzymes are the ultimate catalysts of living things. Enzymes are made of proteins which are structured and directed by amino acids chains. Enzymes attract and fit substrate molecules to an active site. The active site binds the substrate molecules covalently to enzyme forming an enzyme-substrate complex, which...

Infographic Project Enzymes are organic catalysts produced by living organisms which aid in the progression of specific biochemical reactions without undergoing any permanent chemical changes themselves. They are complex, conjugated proteins necessary and required to sustain life. Today, enzymes are also used world-wide in a variety of different industrial applications such as the production of paper, wine fermentation, and bio-remediation. One of the most important industrial...

Enzymes Lecture outlines •Catalysis profile •Activation energy & its •Enzyme & substrate substrates •How enzymes bind to •Lock & Key model •Induced-fit model •Enzyme assay Lecture outcomes • At the end of this lecture, students are able to: • Define the catalyst • Understand how enzymes work as catalysts, the concept of activation energy and enzymes-substrate binding • Explain different theories of the relation between enzymes and substrates Catalysis • It is...

The Rate of Reaction that Enzyme Concentration, pH, and Temperatures Have on the Amylase Enzymes Color Disappearance Abstract: Compare reaction rates of the concentrations, pH’s, and temperatures of the enzyme Amylase. At what concentrates do the substrate molecules collide with each other, making the reaction possible? At what pH levels do the 3D molecular structures change breaking the H-bond and/or denaturize? At what temperatures do the collisions of the substrate molecules...

Enzyme Lab Marcus James. December 20, 2013 HL Biology 3 Period 1 Purpose and Background The purpose of this lab is to explain how enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions in different temperatures. This lab relates to enzymes, proteins, and substrates; that we learned in class. The union of the enzyme and the substrate is called the enzyme-substrate complex. The make-up of an enzyme is proteins and made up of chains and amino acids....

Study Guide for Unit V Energy and Enzymes. What is cellular work? Why must living things utilize energy with maximum efficiency? Define energy. Why do living things need a constant input of energy? Where does all energy in the biosphere originate? Define kinetic and potential energy. (Give biological examples). What are the two laws of thermodynamics? Give examples. What is entropy and what is the law of entropy? How do living things resist the law of entropy? Give biological examples. Define...

LABORATORY REPORT (Click on the Save a Copy button on the panel above to save your report) Activity: Enzyme Activity Predictions 1. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at pH 6 2. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at 60 °C (140 °F) 3. Sucrase activity decreases with increasing sucrose concentration. Materials and Methods Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity. 1. Dependent Variable. amount of product (glucose and fructose) produced 2. Independent Variable. pH 3. Controlled...

Enzymes All enzymes are globular proteins and round in shape They have the suffix "-ase" Intracellular enzymes are found inside the cell Extracellular enzymes act outside the cell (e.g. digestive enzymes) Enzymes are catalysts → speed up chemical reactions Reduce activation energy required to start a reaction between molecules Substrates (reactants) are converted into products Reaction may not take place in absence of enzymes (each enzyme has a specific catalytic action) Enzymes...

Enzyme Biocatalysis Andr´ s Illanes e Editor Enzyme Biocatalysis Principles and Applications 123 Prof. Dr. Andr´ s Illanes e School of Biochemical Engineering Pontificia Universidad Cat´ lica o de Valpara´so ı Chile aillanes@ucv.cl ISBN 978-1-4020-8360-0 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-8361-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008924855 c 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by...

An introduction to enzymes Enzymes are the foundation of energy and the life force in all living things. They are responsible for building, detoxifying, and healing the body. They are also the force that allows your body to digest and absorb food. Enzymes also regulate tens of thousands of other biochemical functions that take place in the body every day. Without enzymes, seeds would not sprout, fruit would not ripen, leaves would not change color, and life would not exist. Therefore, the study...

INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF ENZYME CONCENTRATION, REACTION TIME, AND SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION ON THE DIRECTION OF ENZYME REACTIONS ENZYMES INTRODUCTION Enzymes are mainly proteins that catalyze biological reactions by accelerating the rate at which favorable chemical reactions proceed (Karp, 2008). Without enzymes, metabolic reactions would proceed too slowly to carry out regular metabolism. Each enzyme exhibits a great specificity for a particular reaction, therefore thousands of enzymes...

Ah Seung Chong Molecular Biology CTW: Enzyme Kinetic Dr. Cruz 07/22/2010 Enzyme kinetics Introduction Enzymes are biological catalysts or assistants, without enzyme many of important processes of life could not happen. Most of enzymes are proteins that help speed up chemical reactions by lowering amount of activation energy needed for the reaction1. Enzymes are usually highly selective, only bind to specific substrate and convert it to product at a particular rate1. The rate of the...

Immobilized Enzyme Immobilized Enzyme * Enzymes which are attached to small bead made of alginate are called immobilized enzyme * However, whatever the nature of an immobilized enzyme, it must comprise two essential functions, namely the non-catalytic functions (NCF) that are designed to aid separation and the catalytic functions (CF) that are designed to convert the target compounds within the time and space desired * Immobilized enzymes might meet the increasing demand by...

 Introduction Enzymes are protein based structures that help speed up chemical reactions. They help these reactions keep up with the everyday metabolic needs and other like functions of organisms. Enzymes are also considered catalysts, due to the lowering in activation energy, in which they are not consumed or changed at any point during the reaction. These enzymes have three main protein structures that help keep them formed and intact. Stage 1 of these structures is the...

SPM Biology – Paper 3 (2003 – 2012) www.sureshkumarbio.wordpress.com 2003 Q1: To study the effect of camouflage on a predator-prey relationship [F4-Chapter 8] Q2: To study the relationship between the concentration of CO2 and the rate of photosynthesis [F4-Chapter 6] 2004 Q1; To determine the % of vitamin C in fruit juices using DCPIP solution [F4-Chapter 6] Q2: To estimate the size of the bird population [F4-Chapter 8] 2005 Q1: To determine and compare the energy content in white...

Enzyme Catalase Activity in Reaction with the Substrate Hydrogen Peroxide Abstract We performed these experiments to observe the effects of enzymes on the rate of reactions. We tested and compared the activity of the enzyme catalase on the substrate H2O2 in various states and percentages, and observed the absorption values of the enzyme-substrate relationship at different concentrations. Our results show that the more substrate available, the quicker the reaction will happen except in one...

Potato Enzyme Lab INTRODUCTION An enzyme is a protein that speeds up or slows down a specific chemical reaction in an organism. A good rule of thumb is to remember that enzyme names end in “-ase”. This will help in identifying enzymes in further readings. Generally enzymes are catalysts. Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic chemical that is produced in many organisms during metabolism. Organisms must get rid of this toxin to survive. One reaction turns the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. The...

Sample Lab Report: Factors which Affect the Activity of the Enzyme Catalase Purpose: Must include:  background information about concepts involved in the lab,  statement of purpose of the lab  identification of independent and dependent variables. A hypothesis is often not necessary or appropriate. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells. They break down molecules called substrates. Each enzyme has only one substrate that it breaks down. Enzymes are produced...

The Effect of the Changes in the Environment to the Functionality of the Enzymes Introduction a. Background In our everyday lives, enzymes are used in our bodies, and in nature around us, to speed up the chemical reactions happening constantly, which happens by lowering the amount of activation energy needed to start various reactions. The way this works is by attaching the particular substrate to the active site of the enzyme, where it will start to aid the chemical reaction. Then, the...

Enzymes Enzymes are the sparks that start the essential chemical reactions our bodies need to live. They are necessary for digesting food, for stimulating the brain, for providing cellular energy, and for repairing all tissues, organs, and cells. There are three types of enzymes: metabolic enzymes, digestive enzymes, and food enzymes. Metabolic enzymes catalyse, or spark, the reactions within the cells. The body's organs, tissues and cells are run by metabolic enzymes. Without them our...

Why are there so many different varieties of cheese when the production process is basically the same for all cheeses? Cheese comes in a wide variety of flavors, textures and styles, but the process for making all cheeses remains basically the same. All types of cheeses requires almost the same processes, but there are many different factors that influence how the finished product tastes, textures and smells. The climate of the area where the cheese making may influences the type of...

Enzyme Immobilization Methods Covalent Binding: Covalent binding is a conventional method for immobilization; it can be achieved by direct attachment with the enzyme and the material through the covalent linkage [37]. The covalent linkage is strong and stable and the support material of enzymes includes polyacrylamide, porous glass, agarose and porous silica [38]. Covalent method of immobilization is mainly used when a reaction process does not require enzyme in the product, this is the...

Enzymes and Their Importance in Plants and Animals Enzymes are large proteins that are responsible for catalysing thousands of metabolic processes that sustain life. Enzymes work similarly to those catalysts used in industry by lowering activation energy and therefore dramatically speeding up the rate of a reaction, however, these biological catalysts are highly selective to their substrate. Almost every chemical reaction that occurs in a cell requires enzymes in order to occur at rates...

The majority of my results produced the expected bell curve on my graph. However, I believe due to human error the results were incorrect between temperatures of 60Ëšc and 80Ëšc causing this area of my graph not to follow the pattern of my initial prediction. I have also noticed that the highest rate is at a slightly higher temperature than I expected, though this may be due to the large difference in temperature between each sample. As the temperature was increases the molecules...

Introduction: Everyday thousands of chemical reactions happen in our bodies. These reactions produce the energy for our bodies to use. During these chemical reactions there are enzymes, biological catalysts, which help speed up metabolic reactions by lowering the energy barriers without being used up or altered in the reaction. (Campball, 2008) Every enzyme has an optimum pH at which it is most active. An increase or decrease in the pH of the solution will cause the enzyme to have a change...

Kenneth Hampton | | |Restriction Enzymes: | |A study in Reactions and Mapping | | | |November 7, 2008 | ABSTRACT This experiment will study...

Enzyme Catalysis Abstract: Catalysis is an enzyme that decomposes hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. In this lab we will conduct a series of experiments to determine the affects of; pH, temperature, and concentration change on such catalysis. After completing the experiments we determined that catalase works most efficiently when in a 27°c, 50% (5 ml of catalase – 5ml of water), and a normal body pH of 7°. By: Patrick Jawien Course Code: SBI 4U Performance Date: 25 September 2012...

Effect of temperature on enzyme activity In this experiment… Independent variable: Temperature of the amylase Dependent variable: Enzyme activity which is measured by the time for disappearance of starch Controlled variables: Volume of amylase; volume of starch solution; concentration of amylase; concentration of starch solution Prediction of results i) At low temperature, the rate of amylase activity is very low. ii) At optimum (=best) temperature, the rate of amylase activity is the...

 10/24/13 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF ENZYMES Enzymes are extremely important to the human body and its ability to function. An enzyme itself is a protein made by the body’s cells to act as catalyst, speeding up chemical reactions in the cell. It does this by taking the reactants, or the elements or compounds that enter into the chemical reaction, in this situation referred to as substrates, and breaking apart their bonds so that...

Is there a relationship between the quantity of enzymes and the rate of reaction with the substrate? Hypothesis Using my scientific knowledge my hypothesis is that as the quantity of enzymes increases so will the rate of reaction. Reasons for this hypothesis I am basing my hypothesis on a hypothesis known as the ‘lock and key hypothesis.' It explains that when an enzyme substrate complex forms by means of a spontaneous reaction the substrate fits into the active site like a key fits a...

The Effect of Temperature on Amylase Activity Truth Teller, Yahoo! Contributor Network Sep 25, 2005 "Share your voice on Yahoo! websites. Start Here." MORE:Enzymes tweet Print Flag Abstract: This study of the effect of temperature on the enzyme amylase was performed to determine the correlation between the two. The experiment was developed to test the enzymes reaction rate of amylase digesting starch at several different temperatures and see how the rate changed. The rate of reaction...

Investigating the Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Almost all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms are catalyzed by enzymes. Many factors in a cell’s environment affect the action of an enzyme. In this investigation, you will design an experiment to determine the effect of temperature on an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. You will complete an entire lab write-up using the CHS LAB REPORT FORMAT. Fundamental Question How does temperature affect the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed...

| | [pic] Introduction Enzymes are catalysts which speed up a reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy. But they do not undergo permanent changes and so they remain unchanged even at the end of the reaction. Many enzymes consist of proteins and non-proteins called the cofactor. The intra- and intermolecular...

Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to measure the extent of enzyme reaction on given substrates by means of color change. The reaction followed is given below: Tyrosinase„³ Enzyme Pyrocatechol Hydroxyquinone Oxidation/Reduction Pink „³ Brown E+S + [ES] = E+P Enzyme Reaction Hypothesis: If there is an increase in enzyme concentration, an increase in reaction temperature, or an increase in buffer pH, then...

Simple Experiments on the Enzyme Catalase Aim: The aim of this practical is to use three different techniques to investigate the effect of different concentrations of the enzyme catalase on the rate of breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. Background information Catalase is an enzyme which is found in all living organisms. This enzyme catalases the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Cells continually produce a poisonous by-product of metabolising, called hydrogen peroxide....

Enzymes are biologic polymers that catalyze the chemical reactions that make life as we know it possible. The presence and maintenance of a complete and balanced set of enzymes is essential for the breakdown of nutrients to supply energy and chemical building blocks; the assembly of those building blocks into proteins, DNA, membranes, cells, and tissues; and the harnessing of energy to power cell motility, neural function, and muscle contraction. With the exception of catalytic RNA molecules, or...

Enzyme Lab Report Introduction: Enzymes are proteins that enable chemical reactions. In the enzyme lab, the effects of concentration, temperature and pH on the functionality of the enzyme catalase. The enzyme lab was also about measuring reactions by capturing the oxygen that was generated by the reaction. Materials and Methods: Experiment 1, 2, & 3 Experiment 1 examined the effects of concentration on catalase activity. Experiment 2 examined the effects of concentration in temperature...

Temperature Affecting Enzyme Activity Introduction The basic properties of life revolve around chemical reactions. Without the presence of enzymes some of life's processes would not come so easily. Enzymes are basically proteins, which have specific shapes for different substrates. Enzymes change the rate in chemical reactions. It does this without having to change its own shape, which makes enzymes different from other proteins. A common enzyme that we have is catalase, which breaks down...

 Wan Ching Man 5C(21) Effects of temperature on the activity of lipase Aim: To investigate the effects of temperature on the activity of lipase enzyme on milk which contain fats or lipids. Introduction: Enzyme is a kind of biological catalyst that made up of protein. It can speed up the metabolic reactions on various kinds of substances. Like lipase can break down lipid into glycerol or fatty acids in milk. Since enzyme is made up of...

Purpose: To find how pH and temperature levels affect the enzyme Background: Enzymes are a type of protein vital to sustaining life, it works with vitamins and minerals as a biological catalyst, which lowers the activation energy for a reaction to occur. Each individual type of enzyme does a specific job, and they do not die, they are reused. For example, catalase is an enzyme found in almost all living cells that will break down hydrogen peroxide and turn it into water and oxygen....

Hillsborough Community College - Ybor City Campus 1025C Laboratory Exercise 3: Characteristics of Enzymes Introduction What are Enzymes? Enzymes are very large and complex proteins that that function as catalysts. They are synthesized by the cell to perform very specific functions. Each type of enzyme has a very specific shape (conformation) which provides its specific function. The shape of an enzyme molecule is determined and maintained by many weak intermolecular interactions between many...

Vaishnavi Kothapalli Mrs. Manning Honors Biology 30 November 2012 TITLE: The Reaction Rate of Catalase in Various Concentrations of Hydrogen Peroxide QUESTION: How long does the catalase take to float to the top of a cup filled with different amounts of hydrogen peroxide concentration? PREDICTION: A prediction that can be made for this experiment is that the higher the concentration, the faster time it takes the catalase to react with the solution. As the concentration increases...

Catalase Lab Introduction: Catalase is an enzyme normally found in many plant and animal tissues. Its purpose is to destroy toxic substances which may be introduced into cells. Also, some cells use catalase to destroy cellular debris or worn out organelles. In this lab, we will use a catalase solution from potatoes and determine the effect of temperature and pH on the action of this enzyme. The substrate of the enzyme will be 3% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Catalase works by the following...

Enzyme Catalysis Maltose sugar is broken apart by maltase enzyme Substrate are molecules enclosed in the enzyme Catalase: found in every living thing Takes two molecules of hydrogen peroxide and converts it irreversibly to create oxygen gas and water 2H2O2O2+2H2O Question: What variable affects the rate of enzyme catalysis most? Variables Tested: Hydrogen Peroxide concentration, yeast concentration, heat and pH Materials: 10% glucose mixture 1.5 %, 3% and 6% peroxide mixture...

Index Page Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….….…….3 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….….……..3 Materials and Chemicals used…………………………..……………………..…….…..3 Procedures…………………………………………………………………..…...…...…… 4 Tables……………………………………………………………………………………...5-7 Results……..…………………………………………………………………………...……8 Discussion….………………………………………………..………………………...……8 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………....…….8 Works Cited ………………………………………………………………………………..9...